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📖 Theory Guide →
Sequencing · Heart Rate · Blood Pressure · Body Composition · BMI · Circumference · WHR
Chapter 7 Theory Quiz
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Chapter 7 Case Studies
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Case Studies (Multiple Choice)
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Resting Heart Rate
| Category | RHR |
|---|---|
| Sinus bradycardia | <60 bpm |
| Normal sinus rhythm | 60–100 bpm |
| Sinus tachycardia | >100 bpm |
Key factsAvg 60–70 bpm (men), 72–80 (women). Athletes 15–30 bpm lower. Overtraining flag: >5 bpm above norm. Abstain HR meds 12 h. True RHR = before rising. Use index + middle fingers (not thumb).
Blood Pressure (Table 7-2)
| Category | SBP | DBP |
|---|---|---|
| Normal | <120 | and <80 |
| Elevated | 120–129 | and <80 |
| Stage 1 | 130–139 | or 80–89 |
| Stage 2 | ≥140 | or ≥90 |
TechniqueBrachial artery. Korotkoff onset = SBP, disappearance = DBP. Higher category wins. Average 2+ readings on 2+ occasions.
BMI (Table 7-6)
Formulakg/m² or (lb / in²) × 703. Classifies risk, NOT body fat.
| Class | BMI |
|---|---|
| Underweight | <18.5 |
| Normal | 18.5–24.9 |
| Overweight | 25.0–29.9 |
| Obesity I | 30.0–34.9 |
| Obesity II | 35.0–39.9 |
| Extreme (III) | ≥40.0 |
Waist Circumference (Table 7-7)
| Risk | Females | Males |
|---|---|---|
| Very low | <70 cm | <80 cm |
| Low | 70–89 cm | 80–99 cm |
| High | 90–109 cm | 100–120 cm |
| Very high | >110 cm | >120 cm |
Per 1-inch (2.5 cm) ↑ in menBP +10% · cholesterol +8% · HDL −15% · triglycerides +18% · metabolic-syndrome risk +18%
Body-Composition Accuracy
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| Essential fat (men / women) | 2–5% / 10–13% |
| DXA | Most accurate & precise |
| Hydrostatic vs cadaver | 2–3% error (benchmark) |
| Skinfold vs hydrostatic | ±3.5% |
| Subcutaneous share of fat | ~50% |
| BIA | Needs optimal hydration |
Key Terms
Overweight vs overfatOverweight = excess weight for height; overfat = excess body fat (more accurate).
Vasovagal responseCarotid over-pressure can slow HR.
Skinfold principleSubcutaneous fat is proportional to total body fat (~50%). Use a population-specific equation. Harpenden/Lange ($250–400) > cheap spring calipers.
WHR & distributionWHR = waist ÷ hip. Android (apple, abdominal/visceral) = higher risk than gynoid (pear, hip/thigh). Visceral fat → insulin resistance, T2DM, HTN.
Sequencing & Environment
Order rulesOnly run necessary assessments. Skinfold BEFORE activity. Let HR/BP return to baseline between measures. Don't test the same muscle group back-to-back. Run follow-ups in the SAME sequence.
EnvironmentRoom 68–72°F (20–22°C), humidity <60%, quiet & private. Signed informed consent. Calibrated equipment. Realistic change (2–3 mo): body fat ↓2.7–6.9%, waist ↓1.9–3.3 cm.